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aeronautics

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space exploration research a look back

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at this year in aeronautics and space

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and a preview of things to come

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three mariner spacecraft have flown by

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mars in recent years

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they were fleeting glimpses and the

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craft did not fly close to the

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mysterious red planet

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two thousand miles was the closest on

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november 13th

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mariner 9 changed all that as its

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braking rocket fired

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the picture-taking mariner swung into

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orbit around mars

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an orbit allowing the spacecraft to come

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within 850 miles of the surface

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as it circles the planet twice a day it

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will photograph

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and gather data for at least three

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months mapping

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seventy percent of the planet's surface

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the two small moons of mars phobos and

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deimos

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will also be closely scrutinized

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mars appears to have gone or is going

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through some type of planetary evolution

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the main question is whether it is an

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evolving planet

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or a decaying one mars is more

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earth-like than any other planet

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its clouds seasonal changes and polar

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ice caps are intriguing

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as the mariner 9 returns its vast

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accumulation of data and pictures

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scientists will have their first

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close-up view and hopefully clues to the

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history and evolution of mars

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the sun is roughly 10 000 times larger

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than earth

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its very presence affects our daily

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lives

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to learn more about this and about how

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it affects our environment

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nasa orbited three unmanned scientific

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imp interplanetary monitoring platform

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was the first

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the versatile imp eighth in a series is

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exploring interplanetary space

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and the outer fringes of the earth's

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magnetosphere

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it also provides warnings of possible

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solar flare radiation hazards to

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with the naval research laboratory nasa

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launched the solrad

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satellite it too studies the sun's

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radiation and records the disturbances

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which can disrupt

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long-range communications and navigation

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systems

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this computer-type picture shows the

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sun's disk and

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inner corona it was returned by oso 7

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the latest in the orbiting solar

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observatory series

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oso is trying to determine the direct

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effects solar flares have on the

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environment

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weather and communications earth is

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surrounded by the magnetosphere

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an enormous teardrop shaped region

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formed by the solar wind

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a supersonic stream of particles blowing

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on the earth's magnetic field

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it is in this region that a craft like

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the small scientific satellite does

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its job its mission is to investigate

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the causes of worldwide magnetic

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disturbances

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and map in detail the ways in which the

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motion of these particles changes with

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nearly 300 sounding rockets were

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launched from wallops island virginia in

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1971

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their payloads are used to explore the

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region through and just above the

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earth's atmosphere

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but below the area where satellites

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orbit

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sounding rocket probes return an

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enormous amount of information about

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earth and the atmosphere surrounding it

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interested scientists from all over the

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world bring their experiments to wallops

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stratoscope 2 a large astronomical

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telescope

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was hoisted into the sky by a giant

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balloon from the marshall space flight

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center in huntsville alabama

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this was the eighth stratoscope flight

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its goal obtained sharper pictures of

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certain galaxies

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nebulae and the planet saturn above the

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distortion of the earth's atmosphere

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the four-ton telescope is so accurate it

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can distinguish two

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objects thirty miles apart from one

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thousand miles away

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scientists will be working on the data

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returned by stratoscope two for the next

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nasa used planes like this in checking

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out cameras and sensing equipment to be

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carried on future earth resources

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satellites

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and the manned orbiting skylab space

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station

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an interesting side benefit took place

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this summer as the specially equipped

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planes were used to detect southern corn

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blight during the 1971 growing season

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high altitude infrared photos were taken

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and then analyzed by purdue university

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and the department of agriculture

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these photographs were used to determine

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the extent and degree

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of corn blight at the request of the

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local government

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survey missions were flown over the

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island of jamaica

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much of the water from jamaica's 200

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inches of rainfall

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never reaches its cities it is believed

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that submarine springs carry a portion

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of the water offshore

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into the ocean this was indicated by the

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here is one of a pair of high-altitude

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aircraft converted for use in earth

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resource

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surveys they are operating from nasa's

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ames research center near san francisco

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the data collected by these flights is

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being used to simulate

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future remote sensing earth resources

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satellites

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agriculture

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development

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test pilots at nasa's flight research

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center in california

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flew a plane with a new type wing this

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year

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called the supercritical wing it is

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shaped quite differently from

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conventional wings the new design alters

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the flow of air over the top of the wing

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allowing an aircraft to fly faster

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farther

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and at a lower operating cost

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this sleek black plane the yf-12 capable

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of flying 2000 miles per hour

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made 25 test flights

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the joint nasa air force program is

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studying problems associated with

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propulsion

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in-flight stopping and restarting of

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engines heating

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and structural dynamics the research is

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aimed at furthering the development and

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operations of future

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eight times the m2 lifting body was

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carried aloft and dropped over the dry

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lake desert in central california

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the wingless m2 and other lifting body

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types

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are the research forerunners of craft

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like the proposed shuttle

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that could fly a space mission and then

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return through the earth's atmosphere

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a new flight program began at nasa's

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ames research center with the x-14b

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vertical take-off and landing plane

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equipped with an

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on-board digital computer the x-14

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serves as a flying flight simulator

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by duplicating in advance the piloting

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qualities of proposed

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the aim center is also responsible for

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doing research on short takeoff and

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landing aircraft

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this is one of the planes used to test

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new concepts

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the ov-10a bronco the united states is

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very interested in developing a short

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takeoff and landing plane

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for use as an inter-city transport in

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corridors

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in an effort to reduce the noise of jet

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aircraft as they land

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nasa with american airlines spent 50

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hours investigating the problems

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connected with steeper landing

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approaches

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it appears that by keeping aircraft

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higher above the ground

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and reducing engine power during the

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landing approach

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noise near airports can be lessened

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operational procedures for this type of

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noise abatement

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attacking the jet noise problem at its

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source engineers at the lewis research

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center in cleveland are supervising

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tests of a quieter jet engine the goal

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is to develop an engine that will be 15

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to 20 decibels quieter than present

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how long does it take jet aircraft to

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come to a stop

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on a wet runway to find out aeronautics

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experts from nasa's langley research

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center in virginia

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cooperating with air force and faa

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officials

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conducted a series of landing studies at

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several airports around the country

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time after time runways were flooded

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with water

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then ground vehicles and the test

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aircraft tried stopping on the wet

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pavements

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the increased knowledge of runway

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friction gained from these tests

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should result in improved safety for

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both aircraft and airport ground

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the scene is cape canaveral friday may

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5th

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1961 it was on this date that astronaut

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alan b

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shepherd became the first american to be

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ten years later january 31st 1971

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alan b shepard made his second space

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flight

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this time as commander of apollo 14 the

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country's third

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moon landing with astronauts mitchell

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and rusa accompanying shepherd

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apollo 14 marked the beginning of

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large-scale use of the moon

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for science these are some of the 94

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pounds of lunar rocks returned from the

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moon's ancient hills of from morrow by

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apollo 14.

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they are beginning to tell scientists a

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story a story

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three and one half billion years old

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from them we are learning about the

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early history of not only the moon

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but other planets as well the earth

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this is the view seen by apollo 15

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astronauts

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scott and irwin as their spacecraft

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falcon arched over the hadley rail

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located in the foothills of the moon's

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aponine mountains

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eight feet minus one contact

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man okay the falcon is on the plane at

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hadley

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theirs was to be the most extensive

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exploration of the moon

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to prepare for the july mission scott

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and irwin practiced on similar earth

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terrain at the rio grande gorge in new

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mexico

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they also spent many hours getting used

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here's what it actually looked like to

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the moon riders as they drove their

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four-wheel

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as a result of their increased mobility

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the pair returned 180 pounds of lunar

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rocks and deep core samples

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after liftoff and while in lunar orbit

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the trio launched a small

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scientific satellite called the

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sub-satellite to study the area around

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the moon

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as they headed earthward astronaut al

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worden climbed outside the spacecraft

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and retrieved film from a pair of

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the scientific instruments left by

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apollo 15 and the photographs and

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samples they returned

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are giving us a real understanding of

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the moon in relationship to the earth

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and the sun we asked mr dale myers

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nasa's director of manned space flight

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to give us a status report on skylab

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the united states first space station

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this year has been a big year for skylab

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all of the hardware for the program

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is coming into focus our qualification

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programs are underway the

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major elements of the skylab system are

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in the final positions of manufacturing

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and checkout

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now one of the more important things to

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me about skylab is it gives us an

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opportunity to

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learn more about man's capability to

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1971 a year of significant achievement

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in aeronautics and space